Does obstructive sleep apnea affect oral and periodontal health in children with down syndrome? A preliminary study MA Durhan, OB Agrali, E Kiyan, N Bas Ikizoglu, R Ersu, I Tanboga Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(9):1175-1179 Objective: Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) compared with children without DS, with reported prevalence of 31 ± 75% among clinical-based samples. We aimed to find out whether there is any effect of OSA on periodontal and dental health in children with DS. Material and Methods: Overnight polysomnography (PSG) was performed. OSA was defined as Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) ≥ 1/h. Children received a full mouth periodontal and dental examination that included probing depths (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) on six sites per tooth. Decay, decay - Missing, missing - Filling, filling - Tooth, tooth (DMFT—for permanent tooth/dmft—for primary tooth) scores were calculated. Results: Children were divided into two groups depending on whether they were diagnosed with OSA or no OSA. Group 1 (DS with OSA) and Group 2 (DS without OSA) included 11 children (age = 11.5 ± 2.2) and 7 children (mean age = 9.7 ± 2.3), respectively. Subjects in Group 1 displayed statistically significantly higher levels of GI (P = 0.020) and BOP (P = 0.006) than Group 2. Conclusion: OSA is an important problem for DS and may affect oral health negatively. Based on our findings, OSA can be associated with impaired gingival health in DS children and close follow-up may be necessary for this group.

Health-related quality of life in people with chronic diseases managed in a low-resource setting – A study from South East Nigeria UN Ijoma, NN Unaogu, TI Onyeka, CB Nwatu, CL Onyekonwu, IO Onwuekwe, F Ugwumba, RC Nwutobo, CV Nwachukwu Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(9):1180-1188 Background: Assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in resource-limited settings is critical to evaluate and improve the burden of morbidity and mortality associated with chronic medical disorders. There is a dearth of data on HRQOL among patients suffering from chronic medical disorders in Nigeria. This study assessed the HRQOL of participants with diabetes mellitus (DM), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and cancer in a hospital setting with limited resources and highlighted associated factors. Methods: The WHOQOL-BREF instrument was used to study a cross section of the participants at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: The distribution of the 613 study population was diabetes mellitus 120, HIV 389, and various cancers 104. Majority (67.9%) earned less than $1 per day and only 7.5% had any form of health insurance. The HIV group had higher QoL scores. Younger age, higher educational status, being employed, and having a care giver were positively associated with higher QoL. Patients with no comorbidities (76.6%) had an overall higher QoL score. Conclusion: Majority of the patients living with chronic medical diseases in Enugu, Nigeria were poor, vulnerable, and without access to health insurance. People living HIV generally had better quality life than those with other health conditions. There is a huge unmet need for people living with chronic medical conditions in Nigeria, which require strategies to counteract.

Potential effects of advanced platelet rich fibrin as a wound-healing accelerator in the management of alveolar osteitis: A randomized clinical trial E Yüce, N Kömerik Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(9):1189-1195 Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine whether the use of advanced platelet rich fibrin based on the low speed+ centrifugation concept (A-PRF+) might improve the pain management and healing of delayed wound healing among cases of alveolar osteitis following mandibular third molar extraction. Materials and Methods: The patients (N = 40) with a complaint of alveolar osteitis following third molar extractions were divided into two groups: Group I (control; saline only); and Group II (use of A-PRF+). Pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Soft tissue healing was assessed by the modified Index of Landry, Turnbull and Howley and bone density was assessed with the i-Dixel 2.1.8.2 software. Inter-group comparisons were analyzed by means of a student t-test and the Mann Whitney U test to identify group samples. Analysis of variance and the Friedman test were applied for repeated measurements. The Wilcoxon test and Bonferroni's test for multiple comparisons were conducted at the time-factor level. Yates Correction was used to compare qualitative data. Results: In regard to pain, A-PRF+ application demonstrated rapidly and continually reduced pain intensity at each respective time in comparison to the control. Statistically, the healing rates of epithelium and hard tissue were significantly faster in the A-PRF+ application group (p: 0.000, P < 0.05). Conclusions: The results show that A-PRF+ might represent an improved and accelerating therapeutic development for hard and soft tissue healing in management of alveolar osteitis that is also effective in reducing pain.

The correlation of computed tomography in the evaluation of septoplasty patients A Yazici, HC Er Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(9):1196-1200 Background: Septoplasty is one of the frequently applied nasal surgical procedures. There is still no gold standart objective method to evaluate the patients whom suffers from nasal blockage. To evaluate the septoplasty candidate with a Paranasal Computerised Tomography (PNCT) is one of the most discussed topic in the otorhinolaryngology surgical philosophy. Objectives: In this study, we aim to interpret the value of nasal valve areas measured by PNCT for both septoplasty candidates and the control population. We believe that this information could be useful for the evaluation of patients before undergoing a septoplasty procedure. Material and Methods: 600 coronal and axial tomography sections performed between May 2014 and February 2018 at the University Of Gaziantep Radiology Dept. were assessed. These tomography sections were divided into two groups called the septoplasty and the control. The septoplasty group was made up of three hundred paranasal sinus tomography images scanned before patients' septoplasty operations. The control group was created by screening 300 maxillofacial tomography's which were taken due to the suspicion of trauma at the University Of Gaziantep Emergency Clinic between May 2014 and January 2018. Results: There were 192 (64%) patients with left nasal septal deviation and 108 (36%) patients with right nasal septal deviation. The Independent Sample T-Test revealed that the mean internal nasal valve angle in the left septoplasty group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.005). A comparison of the right side nasal values revealed a significant statistical change according to the Independent Sample T-Test between the value of the right septoplasty and the control groups (P < 0.005). Conclusion: The sectional areas of nasal tomography images may show different values. However, it is still difficult to say that the clinical application of tomography images could be used as one of the indication criteria for the septoplasty procedure.

Effect of Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels on the coronary slow-flow phenomenon B Kalayci, T Karabağ, S Kalaycı, YT Erten, F Köktürk Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(9):1201-1207 Background: The presence of vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone receptors has been demonstrated in the vascular endothelium. Variations in vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone levels may affect coronary flow and cause the coronary slow-flow phenomenon (CSF). Methods: We enrolled 93 patients who had undergone coronary angiography and had near-normal coronary arteries. Blood samples were taken to determine the calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone levels. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level of less than 20 ng/mL. We divided the study population into two groups according to thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count (TFC) levels. Results: Patients with TFC ≤27 were in the control group (n = 39), and those with TFC >27 were in the CSF group (n = 54). 25-Hydroxy vitamin D levels were similar in both groups: 17.5 [3.3-36.1] ng/ml in the CSF group and 15.2 [5.3-34] ng/ml in the control group (P = 0.129). When we analyzed TFC for each of the coronary arteries, we found a weak negative correlation between vitamin D level and TFC of the right coronary artery in the CSF group (r = −0.314, P = 0.021). Parathyroid hormone levels were similar in both groups: 48 [16-140] pg/ml in the CSF group and 52 [25-125] pg/ml in the control group (P = 0.297). Conclusion: The study failed to demonstrate a relationship between serum parathyroid hormone level and CSF. However, a weak negative correlation was found between vitamin D level and TFC of the right coronary artery.

A clinicopathological study of upper aerodigestive tract cancers G Kaur, M Singh, M Kaur, B Singh, RK Gupta Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(9):1208-1212 Background: The upper aerodigestive tract (UAT) includes the nose and paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and salivary glands. Cancers of the UAT constitute approximately 4% of all malignancies. In this study, the varied nature of the UAT cancers was studied to find out their incidence, etiology, and clinicopathological correlations. Materials and Methods: This prospective, observational, and clinicopathological study was conducted on 100 patients who were presented at outdoor in the Department of ENT, Government Medical College/Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India, from October 2016 to October 2018. Proven cases of UAT cancers were taken up and reviewed to gather data on multiple clinicopathological variables, such as age, sex, predisposing factors, and site of pathology. Histopathological differentiation was noted after conducting a biopsy. Results: Most patients of UAT cancers were in the age group of 40–70 years. Maximum incidence was among males (82%) compared to females (28%). The most common predisposing factor was alcohol + smoking (28%), followed by alcohol + chewing tobacco (25%). The most common symptom in the oral cavity was ulcer and odynophagia (38%) each. In oropharyngeal cancers, dysphagia (92%) was the most common symptom. In laryngeal cancers, dyspnea (68%) and hoarseness of voice (32%) were the most common. The most common site involved in UAT cancers was the oral cavity (31%), followed by oropharynx (28%), larynx (22%), hypopharynx (7%), and salivary gland (5%). The most common histopathological type was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (90%). Most of the ulceroproliferative and exophytic growth was moderately differentiated SCC on histopathology. Conclusion: Studies are essential for education and awareness aimed at reducing exposure to habit-forming substances.

Oral health–related quality of life of patients undergoing different treatment of facial fractures: The OHIP-14 questionnaire T Boljevic, B Vukcevic, S Pajic, Z Pesic Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(9):1213-1217 Background: The choice of surgical approach can affect the quality of life in patients with a facial fracture. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life in surgically treated patients with facial fractures, and to determine the potential difference in the quality of life related to different surgical approaches. Materials and Methods: Ninety facial fracture cases were analyzed. They were divided into three groups: operated by skin incision, mucosal incision, and treated conservatively. To examine the quality of life of patients, a questionnaire on the quality of oral health Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14 questionnaire was used. Results: In the first days after the injury, patients with transcutaneous approach showed a poorer quality of life in comparison to patients with transmucosal and conservative treatment. The presence of severe posttraumatic pain is significantly more prevalent in patients with transcutaneous surgical approach than in other treatment types. Conclusion: During the immediate posttraumatic period, the quality of life is poorer in patients who have undergone transcutaneous approach. There are no differences in the quality of life 1 month or 3 months after the injury.Discussion: Assessment of complaints in the first days after the injury shows statistically significant differences across various therapeutical methods in variables such as pain, discomfort when eating certain foods, aesthetic appeal, nervousness, and relaxation. There is not sufficient evidence related to the differences in these outcomes regarding different surgical approaches for facial fractures.

Sleep habits and related factors in kindergarten children Y Durduran, S Pekcan, B Çolpan Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(9):1218-1223 Aim: This study aimed to determine the sleeping habits and sleeping periods of kindergarten children, in order to analyze the problems related to sleep hygiene and determine the underlying factors. Methods: The sample size of this cross-sectional study consisted of 390 children. A questionnaire filled in by the parents was used as the data collection tool. The data were analyzed with appropriate statistical tests. Results: According to the mothers, 77.2% of the children had their own room at home. Thirty nine percent of children slept with the full light on in their room, 50.3% slept with night light on in their room, 12.3% slept with the radio/television on in their room. Infant sleep practices found in this study are swaddling (18.5%), wrapping of the infant's arms (21.0%), and rocking (58.7%). Conclusions: In terms of sleep hygiene, the vast majority of the children slept in a bright environment, and there were electronic appliances in the room. Common infant-transition-to-sleep practices observed were wrapping their arms and swaddling them. In our point of view, awareness training for parents about the subject will support sleep hygiene practices.

The relationship between 25 hydroxy Vitamin D3 and thyroid antibodies with thyroid benign-malign neoplasms S Yildiz, O Ekinci, R Ucler Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(9):1224-1228 Objective: To study the relationship between vitamin D and thyroid antibodies with thyroid benign-malign neoplasms. Materials and Methods: The vitamin D vitamin and thyroid antibodies of 179 patients who underwent thyroidectomy for thyroid nodule were retrospectively reviewed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 44.97 ± 14.139. Vitamin D levels were 14.473 ± 4.9999 ng/ml in women and 19.584 ± 6.1981 ng/ml in men and the mean was 15.016 ± 5.3579 ng/ml. There was a significant relationship between sex and vitamin D level (P < 0, 05). Antithyroglobulin antibody (anti-TGB) had been detected in 95 patients and Antithyroid peroxidase antibody (anti TPO) in 58 patients. There was no significant relationship between vitamin D levels (P: 0, 65), anti-TPO positivity (P: 0, 86), and anti-TGB (P: 0, 12) with benign-malignant neoplasm of thyroid. There was no relationship between vitamin D and metastatic disease (P: 0, 30) as well. In addition, no association was found between malignancy and metastasis (P = 0.068, P = 0.14, P: 0, P = 0, respectively) with thyroid antibody positivity (anti TPO and/or anti TGB) in severe deficiency (<10 ng/ml) and deficiency (<20 ng/ml) of vitamin D. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency or thyroid autoantibodies did not have any significant effect on thyroid malignancies or metastatic disease separately or together.

ICU-acquired weakness: A multicentre survey of knowledge among ICU clinicians in South-Western Nigeria AA Akinremi, OA Erinle, TK Hamzat Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019 22(9):1229-1235 Background: Knowledge of ICU clinicians about Intensive Care Unit Acquired Weakness (ICU-AW) is a vital step in implementing prevention strategies. Aim of Study: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge of ICU clinicians in teaching hospitals in Southwest Nigeria about ICU-AW. Methods: ICU clinicians were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire to obtain data on knowledge about ICUAW. Data were summarized as frequency and percentages, mean and standard deviation using SPSS version 20. Results: Total of 134 ICU clinicians (56 anesthetists, 35 physiotherapists, and 43 nurses) responded to the questionnaire, of which 100 were aware of ICUAW. Three of the 100 correctly identified ICU-AW as a neuromuscular disease. Totally, 40% correctly indicated Medical Research Council Scoring Scale as a diagnostic tool for ICU-AW. Severe sepsis and prolonged mechanical ventilation were the two highest identified risk factors for ICU-AW. However, only 35% of respondents were able to identify either use of aminoglycosides, and prolonged use of vasopressors as risk factors for ICUAW. Almost half (49%) reported having methods of managing ICUAW at their institution. Conclusion: Though awareness about Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) among clinicians in teaching hospitals in the Southwestern Nigeria is high, but knowledge about diagnosis and classification is low. This highlights the need for specialized training of ICU clinicians about ICUAW to enhance prevention and early detection.