George R. Schwarz: The Steamboat Phoenix and the Archaeology of Early Steam Navigation in North America

Peter Holt: The Resurgam Submarine: ‘A Project for Annoying the Enemy’

Capacity in Maritime Archaeology: A Framework for Analysis Abstract Capacity development is a key tool that can be used to improve maritime archaeological research and underwater cultural heritage protection. Despite numerous capacity development initiatives there has been little written about the theoretical concept of capacity or capacity development in maritime archaeology or even archaeology more generally. This paper borrows a theoretical concept of capacity from the environmental sciences literature and demonstrates how it can be applied to maritime archaeology through the examination of the situation in three case study States: Croatia, Italy and Montenegro. It argues that all aspects of the concept of capacity need to be understood before successful capacity development initiatives can be planned, and that the development of strategies for capacity development could initiate long term positive changes in maritime archaeological capabilities.

Capacity Building in Maritime Archaeology: The Case of the Eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus, Lebanon and Egypt) Abstract This paper discusses maritime archaeological resources in three eastern Mediterranean countries, where the discipline is relatively young: Cyprus, Lebanon, and Egypt. Emphasis is given to capacity building, through discussion of good practice and constraints that can be documented during the last two decades on diverse levels: education and training, governance, legislation, and public awareness. Although the three countries share cultural and socio-political backgrounds, the vast majority of the activities described in this paper are country-specific and too recent for their impact to be evaluated. Therefore, the authors place the focus on the processes rather than the results. Through a comparative analysis of local maritime archaeological histories and contemporary realities, they distinguish some key factors for the sustainability of maritime archaeological capacity building: locally based administrative and scholarly institutions, external funding, and public archaeology programmes to enhance appreciation of the maritime cultural heritage by local communities. It is also demonstrated that wars during 1970s and 1990s, in Cyprus and Lebanon respectively, have created unfavourable conditions for the development of maritime archaeology, whereas in Egypt emblematic underwater projects, international synergies and funding, as well as locally-based research and educational institutions, seem to have created a more responsive socio-political landscape for building capacity in maritime archaeology.

Improving Capacity Development for Threatened Maritime and Marine Cultural Heritage Through the Evaluation of a Parameter Framework Abstract Maritime cultural heritage is under increasing threat around the world, facing damage, destruction, and disappearance. Despite attempts to mitigate these threats, maritime cultural heritage is often not addressed to the same extent or with equal resources. One approach that can be applied towards protecting and conserving threatened cultural heritage, and closing this gap, is capacity development. This paper addresses the question of how capacity development can be improved and adapted for the protection of maritime cultural heritage under threat. It asserts that capacity development for maritime cultural heritage can be improved by gaining a more comprehensive and structured understanding of capacity development initiatives through applying a consistent framework for evaluation and analysis. This allows for assessment and reflection on previous or ongoing initiatives, leading to the implementation of more effective initiatives in the future. In order to do this, a model for classifying initiatives by ten parameters is proposed. It is then applied to a number of case studies featuring initiatives in the Middle East and North Africa region. This is followed by a discussion of how conclusions and themes drawn from the examination and evaluation of the case study initiatives can provide a deeper understanding of capacity development efforts, and an analysis of how the parameter model as a framework can aid in improving capacity development for threatened maritime cultural heritage overall.

Building Knowledge and Connections: The Success of the UNESCO International Capacity Building Training Programmes for Cultural Heritage Management of Underwater Archaeological Sites Abstract Many countries do not have sufficient professional capacity to manage its underwater cultural heritage (hereafter UCH) or fulfil its research objectives. To address this situation, which is acute in some countries, since 2009 UNESCO has, in partnership with heritage organisations, facilitated professional training in a number of locations, notably Argentina, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Jamaica, Kenya, Madagascar, Mexico, Spain, St. Eustatius, Thailand and Vietnam. Although there are similarities these courses differ in length, content, and sometimes emphasis. What many have in common is the application of teaching units taken from the training syllabus developed in Thailand from 2009, and published as UNESCO’s Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific. Organisers and trainers have learned important lessons; most importantly that successful training courses comprise more than the sum of the individual teaching components. In particular those international courses that bring together participants from different cultures present their own challenges, not just differences in language, but also other considerations. This paper, using examples from the courses listed above, will illustrate the structure and organisation of UNESCO’s Foundation Course that not only helps to fulfil the specific goals of the professional training, but leaves a lasting legacy that continues to change attitudes to the management and protection of UCH.

Maritime Archaeology and Capacity Development in the Global South Abstract The Honor Frost Foundation sponsored a session, ‘Maritime Archaeology, Capacity Building and Training in the Developing World’ at the Sixth International Congress on Underwater Archaeology (IKUWA VI) held in Freemantle, Australia, in November 2016, dedicated to capacity development in the context of maritime archaeology. The papers presented in this special issue of this journal represent an attempt to understand different approaches to capacity building and development within the sphere of maritime cultural heritage. This paper, by way of an introduction to the subject, and this special issue, aims to explore the nature of capacity building and development in relation to maritime cultural heritage.

Choice, Values and Building Capability: A Case Study from Vietnam Abstract Capability building enables people, groups, organisations and nations to achieve a greater range of activities. A program of capability building activities in Vietnam over the past decade provides the case study for this paper. From these activities and the progress of the program we have constructed an explicit approach of capability building that deals with maritime archaeology and underwater cultural heritage. The aim of this paper is to explain how the elements of our value-based approach interact to establish and enhance capability through knowledge capital development. Our notion of capability building is based on a programme taking place over an extended period of time. The extended time period is necessary to achieve long-term change or at least critical reflection on the part of the host organisation. This process causes a direct exposure to the ethical and disciplinary tenets of maritime archaeology on the part of the host organisation, but some initial congruence of values is considered critical in order to achieve effective outcomes. The program is based on principles of commitment to empowerment, participative learning, learning reinforcement mechanisms, and intensive communication with the stakeholders of the host organisation. We argue that training alone does not work and so the approach underlying the programme encompasses an integrated approach by supplementing training in a variety of forms with advice, mentoring, academic research and cultural heritage management-based approaches to help answer specific problems faced by the host organisation.

*Sæheimr: Just a Settlement by the Sea? Dating, Naming Motivation and Function of an Iron Age Maritime Place Name in Scandinavia Abstract Derivations of the maritime place name *Sæheimr—‘the settlement by the sea’—are known from 54 examples from different parts of Scandinavia. Traditionally, these are thought to describe merely a feature of the terrain that defined a site’s location by the sea, a fjord or a lake. Consequently, they have not been the focus of archaeological research. By analysing the sites’ topographical, archaeological-historical and onomastic settings, the theory developed in this article is that the derivations of the place name *Sæheimr denote outlying landing sites of central place complexes that were established in the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. In this respect, the phenomenon fits with and supplements the traditional Scandinavian concept of the Iron Age central place complex, in which stereotypical place names denote specific central functions, in this case maritime activities such as landing, trading, seasonally practised crafts, and defence. Market functions and the long-term exchange of goods, in particular, are collaborated by many sources. Landing and trade seem to have been prominent activities at these sites, which also show a striking coincidence with far-reaching waterways of strategic and commercial significance. In contrast to place names denoting Viking Age and medieval harbours and maritime market places, there is a dearth of corresponding names for the early Iron Age. The place name *Sæheimr and its assumed eastern-Swedish counterpart Sätuna might fill this vacuum, and constitute a valuable tool for research and cultural heritage management regarding the identification of landing and trading sites established in the early Iron Age.

The Malay Traditional Boat: Defending Malay Heritage Objects in Kelantan, East Coast of the Malaysian Peninsula Abstract All nations have their own historical heritage and artifacts as proof of their glory and achievements. The cultural heritage of the coastal community in the Malay World is one of its highest achievements. The development of boat-making technology and navigation by the stars have been recognized by many local and foreign scholars as contributing to the advancement of humankind. The creation of various types of boats in the Malay World has also attracted the attention of many Western scholars who study these traditional boats. This article attempts to rediscover the precious Malay historical heritage of the East Coast, the Malay traditional boat, by connecting research conducted by Smyth, Gibson-Hill, Masengi and Shibata and that of other renowned scholars who carried out studies by recording information on traditional Malay boats on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. However, the recordings made by previous researchers were done at a time when traditional boat findings were few, and these were not in perfect condition. The discovery of only four traditional boat types in seven different locations suggests that the Malay heritage—which was once the glory of the Malays—has been forgotten.