A game of colours, changing emotions in children: a pilot study Abstract Aim To analyse the effect of colours on children's emotions and variations in anxiety levels using six different coloured attires, white, pink, yellow, green, purple and black. Methods Seventy-two children aged between 5–9 years old who had come for restorative treatment in the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, I.T.S. Dental College, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India were chosen and divided according to Corah’s dental anxiety scale into 4 levels of anxiety. Eighteen children from each level were then assigned six different colours (3 children for each colour). A two factor study was conducted to determine the influence of colours, anxiety levels or facial expressions on oxygen saturation levels and pulse rate of the children. Data was analysed using SPSS 16.0 for ANOVA. Results There was significant difference between colours influencing oxygen saturation levels (p = 0.001) and pulse rate (p = 0.038). A post-hoc test indicated that black colour was significantly different from most of the other colours. No interaction effect was found to exist between colours and facial expression. Conclusions Data suggested that yellow, pink and purple colours may have reduced anxiety among children whereas black colour could have enhanced it.

Development of a prognostic model for caries onset and progression from early childhood caries incidence in urban preschool children Abstract Aim Of this prospective cohort study was to assess early childhood caries (ECC) incidence and, based on the data, build a model that not only predicts future ECC onset in clinically caries-free children, but also is prognostic for children with ECC. Methods ECC incidence was assessed at the 12-month follow-up examination on a cohort of 291 preschool children. Weighted general estimation equation (WGEE) was used to estimate the effects of covariates on ds (decayed primary tooth surfaces) and dfs (decayed and filled primary tooth surfaces). Results The mean dfs at the baseline examination was 0.81. Of the 116 children who completed the study, approximately 22% examined at baseline had ECC (dfs > 0). At 12-months, 36% had ECC with a mean dfs of 2.22. Children with dfs = 0 at baseline had 2.95 fewer ds in the primary dentition at the end of the study than children who had ECC at the baseline examination (dfs > 0) (p < 0.0001). Children with dfs = 0 at baseline had 5.49 fewer ds and dfs in the primary dentition at the end of the study than children who had ECC at the baseline examination (dfs > 0) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions ECC incidence at 1 year was 14%. The prevalence of ECC at the 12-month follow-up examination was approximately 36%. The model developed from these data strongly indicate that past caries experience in the primary dentition is a significant predictor of future caries activity and severity, as well as a predictor of future caries onset in clinically caries-free children.

In vitro evaluation of microleakage in primary teeth restored with three adhesive materials: ACTIVA™, composite resin, and resin-modified glass ionomer Abstract Purpose Microleakage is one of the most important problems that can adversely affect the longevity of dental restorations. The aim of this in vitro study is to assess microleakage of a new BioActive-Restorative composite (ACTIVA™, Pulpdent, USA), in comparison to standard adhesive materials used in restoring class II cavities in primary teeth. Design One hundred and four extracted human primary molars were randomly allocated into three groups. In each group, class II cavities were prepared and restored with one of the three restorative materials: ACTIVA, Filtek Z250, or Vitremer. Microleakage was assessed using dye penetration method under a stereomicroscope. Chi-square test was used followed by pairwise comparisons to assess the association between microleakage and the materials used. A significance level of 0.05 was assumed throughout the study. Results According to leakage analysis per tooth, there were no statistically significant differences in microleakage percentages between ACTIVA and both Filtek Z250 and Vitremer. Leakage analysis per surfaces showed significantly higher leakage percentages in ACTIVA compared to Filtek Z250 at both occlusal and cervical margins and lower than Vitremer at occlusal margin. Conclusion ACTIVA can be a potential restorative material in class II cavities in primary molars; clinical studies are recommended.

Bioactive glass ceramic can improve the bond strength of sealant/enamel? Abstract Aim Evaluate the influence of enamel pre-treatment using Biosilicate, associated or not to other treatments; on the bond strength (BS) of pit-and-fissure sealant, with or without saliva contamination. Methods Ninety slices (4 mm × 4 mm) were obtained from 30 bovine incisors. Each slice was embedded in acrylic resin with their buccal surface exposed and polished to obtain a flat enamel surface. Half of them were contaminated with human saliva. All specimens were randomly divided into five groups (n = 9) according to the surface pre-treatment tested: acid etching (AE); AE + Biosilicate (B); AE + B + total-etch adhesive (Ad); Biosilicate; control (no treatment). Then, a 1 mm layer of sealant (Clinpro XT Varnish, 3M ESPE) was applied; and to provide support, a composite resin (Opallis, FGM) block was built up over it. Samples were thermocycled (500 cycles/5–55 °C) and sectioned obtaining sticks (1 × 1 × 10 mm) for microtensile BS testing (0.5 mm/min). Data were analysed with two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni test, p < 0.05. Failure patterns were evaluated using a stereomicroscope. Results There was no difference among contaminated and non-contaminated groups, and between non-contaminated groups (p > 0.05). When contaminated, AE + B + Ad Group showed the highest BS values, differing (p < 0.05) from B Group and Control; similar between them (p > 0.05). Cohesive fractures were found in AE + B + Ad Group, submitted or not to contamination. Conclusions Since a surface pre-treatment was used, whether Biosilicate was applied or not, the sealant/enamel BS was the same in saliva-contaminated or non-contaminated enamel.

Caries prevalence, clinical consequences and self-reported pain experienced by children living in the West Bank Abstract Aim To investigate both caries prevalence and clinical consequences experienced by deprived children in the West Bank, using a child-centred approach. Materials and methods Children were invited by their social workers to attend free dental screening sessions held across clinics in the north of the West Bank. Data were collected using the dmft/DMFT and pufa/PUFA indices. Dental pain was reported by children using the Wong-Baker FACES® pain scale. Data were analysed using SPSS Version 22.0. Results Data were collected for 177 children aged 4 to 18 years. Caries prevalence was 95.5% with only eight children presenting clinically caries-free. The sample had a dmft of 3.88, and DMFT of 3.44. The Care Index was calculated at 0.1 (mft/dmft). Clinical consequences of caries were identified in 64% of the sample, with a mean pufa score of 2.12, and a PUFA score of 0.55. Dental pain was experienced by 45% of children. Conclusion Deprived children living in the West Bank experience high levels of untreated dental caries, with significant clinical consequences and self-reported pain.

Localised scleroderma en coup de sabre affecting the skin, dentition and bone tissue within craniofacial neural crest fields. Clinical and radiographic study of six patients Abstract Purpose When localised scleroderma occurs in the face, neck and scalp area, it is called scleroderma en coup de sabre (SCS) for its resemblance to the stroke of a sabre. Most observed characteristics: abnormal skin and dental development, facial atrophy and neurological complications. The aim was to evaluate the extent of SCS in the underlying subcutis, including teeth/bone tissues. The goal was to solve, how far the external visual skin abnormality extends in depth, and if the condition appears within and limited to craniofacial neural crest fields. Methods Photographic and radiographic materials from six patients (one male, five females, aged 5–39 years) were included. The cases were divided in three groups, two in each, according to similarity in location of SCS in the skin. Dentition and gingiva were analysed clinically and from intra-oral photos, dental radiographs and orthopantomograms. Agenesis, dental maturity stage (root length), deviation in crown and root morphology (size and shape), and eruption disturbances were registered. Profile and frontal radiographs were analysed cephalometrically for jaw relationships and bone structures. Results In SCS, skin affection corresponds to the neural crest regions/fields. A close spatial association between skin, teeth and bone affections within neural crest fields was found. No common traits in profile analyses were observed. Asymmetry from minor to severe appears in the frontal analyses. A malformation in planum sphenoidale was observed in two individuals with the same location of skin affections. Conclusion SCS conditions seem to extend from the skin in the depth to the sella turcica area within neural crest fields.

Parental acceptance of advanced behaviour management techniques in normal treatment and in emergency situations used in paediatric dentistry Abstract Background Behaviour management techniques (BMT) in children are essential to achieve a successful dental treatment, but parents are not equally accepting BMT. Aim To investigate the parental acceptance of advanced behaviour management techniques used in paediatric dentistry in normal and in emergency situations in Germany. Methods Parents bringing their children for dental care answered a questionnaire on the acceptance of four advanced BMT: passive restraint, active restraint, nitrous oxide sedation and general analgesia. The study was conducted in five university dental clinics in Germany. Parents rated overall acceptance of each technique using a five points Likert scale. Results 136 parents answered the questionnaire. The acceptance of all advanced BMT was significantly higher when the treatment was urgent (p < 0.001, paired sample t test). Nitrous oxide sedation was rated as the most acceptable technique in normal treatment (52.6%) and in emergency situation (68.2%), while passive restraint was the least acceptable technique in both normal (19.9%) and emergency situation (37.8%). Conclusions Parents in Germany are more willing to accept advanced BMT in emergency situations, with nitrous oxide being generally the most preferred technique.

Orthodontic treatment needs of children with high caries using Index for Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontic Needs (IPION) Abstract Aim This study aimed to use the Index for Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontic Treatment Needs (IPION) in high caries children and to investigate the IPION components that differentiate level of preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment need (P&I Tx need). Methods A sample of 202 children (8–9 years of age) was randomly selected from the schools in urban and rural areas in Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand. Dental models, intra-oral photographs, and the examination of oral function were collected and the P&I Tx need was determined according to IPION. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test were performed to test the difference in proportions of each component of IPION among levels of P&I Tx need. Results Almost all children (96.0%) needed preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment. The characteristics that were significantly different among P&I Tx need groups were primary molar proximal caries, anterior crossbite, lower permanent molar tipping, and abnormal molar relationship (p < 0.05). The major part of the IPION scores in the definite treatment need group came from caries, early loss, and crossbite. Conclusions The P&I Tx need in this group of children was very high. Primary molar proximal caries, anterior crossbite, lower permanent molar tipping, and abnormal molar relationship were the dominant factors that indicated P&I Tx need in these children.

Effectiveness of topical haemocoagulase as a haemostatic agent in children undergoing extraction of primary teeth: a split-mouth, randomised, double-blind, clinical trial Abstract Aim To assess the effectiveness of topically-administered haemocoagulase (batroxobin) (HC) following dental extractions in children. Design Split-mouth design, where either HC (test) or Normal Saline (control) (NS) was administered to children (5–9 years) requiring bilateral extractions of primary molars. Participants were randomised to (i) extraction sequence; (ii) test-solution administered thereafter. Outcome measure: time taken (in seconds) for complete cessation of bleeding. Results Thirty participants completed the trial receiving HS (n = 30) and NS (n = 30). No adverse events were reported. Time to bleeding cessation was lower in HS group (82.5 ± 13.99 s) than NS group (240.5 ± 54.34 s). Difference between groups (paired t test) was statistically very highly significant (P = 0.000). Conclusion Topical HC produced significant reductions in time for haemostasis and was clinically effective in controlling haemorrhage from extraction wounds in children. HC may be favourably utilised by paediatric dentists, especially with pre-cooperative or special-healthcare-needs patients, improving patient care.