Early Port Arthur: Convict Colonization and the Formation of a Penal Station in Van Diemen’s Land 1830–35 Abstract Between 1788 and 1868 some 165,000 men and women were transported from throughout the British Empire to the Australian colonies. For many, this act of enforced removal was to be their only experience of social displacement. For others, often condemned as the recidivist elements of the convict population, a secondary form of transportation occurred, sequestered by the system’s administrators in isolated, secure, and controllable pockets of the colonies. Prevalent from the 1820s, these penal stations have today come to embody the more brutal aspects of the Australian convict experience. This paper presents the results of recent suite of research being undertaken as part of a multi-disciplinary project “Landscapes of Production and Punishment.” As part of this research we have sought to challenge preconceived perceptions about Australia’s convict system, examining the archaeological and historical residues of the convict past in terms of the convict as worker and the administrator as manager. In this paper we examine the formative years of the Port Arthur penal station, located in Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), applying prevailing colonization models to understand how the station evolved in response to multi-scalar influences.

“The State of Decay into which the Island Has Fallen”: Education and Social Welfare on Montserrat after emancipation Abstract The social life of the newly created ‘laboring classes’ in the post-emancipation Caribbean has been relatively unexamined across a number of disciplinary perspectives. This paper argues for the need to bring together a variety of sources to enable researchers to gain a better understanding of this important, transitional time in Montserrat’s history. Using evidence gathered from archives in the Caribbean, North America and the British Isles, materials excavated from a previously undocumented schoolhouse structure in the north of the island, and local memories of education on Montserrat, this paper illuminates an almost forgotten aspect of the lives of nineteenth-century laboring classes: the aspiration of education.

Spanish Colonial Networks of Production: Earthenware Storage Vessels from The Peruvian Wine Industry Abstract Following Spanish conquest, wine and brandy production flourished in the Moquegua Valley in southern Peru. Alcohol products both served local demand and were shipped to high altitude mining centers. Wine was fermented and stored in tinajas, large earthenware ceramic vessels. Reporting analyses of paste composition of 70 tinajas using portable XRF technology, we examine the production of these vessels. Our results suggest that tinaja manufacture was localized in Moquegua but that valley wineries participated in varied production systems. Our analysis indicates that more sophisticated sourcing methods would refine the relationship among tinaja pastes, locally available clays, and production networks.

The Historical Archaeology of the Jewish Stone Industry in the Twentieth Century-Migdal Zedek (MajdalYaba) as a Center of the Stone Industry Abstract Jewish entrepreneurs who identified the advantages of the regionof MajdalYaba, or Migdal Zedek,and its economic potential wanted to become part of the stone industry. There were various groups whose achievements in the stone and quicklime industry were unprecedented in Palestine. The groups of laborers, as well as the Zionist leadership, realized that in order to take full advantage of the possibilities of this industry, the work had to be done in communes that would settle and work at the site. That led to the establishment of a new type of settlement in the 1920s - a “quarriers village”.

Transbaikalian Archaeozoology of the Russian Period: Materials from the Udinskiy Fort Abstract Large-scale archaeological study of objects associated with the Russian conquest of Siberia is a relatively recent phenomenon compared to the archaeology of the Stone Age, the paleometal period, and the Middle Ages. A new field of study in Russian archaeology, it has not yet acquired its own terminological name, being called in the scientific publications by a variety of terms, such as “archaeology of the Russian period,” “late historical period archaeology,” “Modern Time archaeology,” “historical archaeology,” “post-medieval archaeology,” and the “archaeology of the Muscovite state and the Russian Empire.” As a result of the 2016 archaeological studies in the territory of the Udinskiy Fort located at the historical center of Ulan-Ude, an impressive archaeozoological collection was obtained in addition to the excavated archaeological, anthropological, and dendrological materials. Evaluation of the materials from this collection showed a presence of various categories of bone remains. Carcass-dressing waste, food waste, and ivory work, including items made from mammoth tusk, were identified. The archival materials allow dating the occupation layer by the time the fortification actually existed (i.e., the late seventeenth-early nineteenth centuries). The archaeological materials testify to the accuracy of this dating. Cattle bones are the dominant remains. All other domestic species are insignificant, while commercial species are sporadic in the collection. The cattle sizes are small and they fall into the range of qualitative variability of the aboriginal species. The food spectrum indicates a flesh diet of the inhabitants of the Udinskiy Fort. They mostly consumed beef, while other meats were insignificant. The bone remains allowed exposing certain taphonomic factors of the material preservation in a dry ground.

Persistence and Meaning in Fur-Bearing Mammal Usage on the Nechako Plateau, British Columbia Abstract The archaeological record indicates the use of salmon and a wide range of terrestrial mammals at sites spanning the last millennium in the vicinity of the Nautley River on the Nechako Plateau of central British Columbia. In particular, a long record of sustained use of small and medium bodied fur-bearing mammals, especially beaver, rabbit, and muskrat, is evident, which neither prey-selection, nor fur trade intensification models adequately explain. Instead, the usage of diverse small prey is best understood in the context of the contingencies and long-term structure of the region’s salmon fishery, the social networks between communities and places, the various uses people had for these animals, and the meanings of their relationship to them.

Finding Father Kino’s San Xavier del Wa:k Abstract When in 1692 Jesuit Father Eusebio Francisco Kino first visited the Wa:k community and referenced it as San Xavier del Bac it was located to the north of its present location in Arizona. The church would have been located within the Sobaipuri O’odham village, but debate surrounding the location of the first church is complicated by the questions as to what constitutes a church in this frontier region, which part of the textual record should be privileged, and, accordingly, who can be credited with constructing the first church. Evidence from a variety of sources elucidates the history of Wa:k, including archaeology, Spanish documentary sources, and oral history. Alternative suggestions as to the location of San Xavier’s first churches are discussed. It is argued that the first two churches were in Kino’s time and these were located to the north of the current Franciscan church, as were the Segesser and Espinosa churches, before the village was moved south and a new Franciscan church was built in the 1770s.

Anopticism: Invisible Populations and the Power of Not Seeing Abstract Utilizing Foucault’s theory of panopticism, social scientists have consistently studied the ways past populations were made visible and how this served as a form of power. Understudied, however, are the ways invisibility can be imposed or adopted. This paper models new discussions of power relationships I have named anopticism. Anopticism is concerned with the power exercised in making populations invisible, both as a form of domination and as form of resistance. By examining two Chinese communities in Nevada and California, I explore the ways strategies and tactics, discipline and agency, and power over and power to intertwine to effectively and purposefully hide individuals, groups, and their behaviors.

Archaeologies in Antarctica from Nostalgia to Capitalism: A Review Abstract Epic accounts of polar explorations have dominated the narratives of Antarctica’s past and contributed to a prevailing image of distant wilderness untouched by humans. Archaeological studies have been undertaken from different theoretical and practical perspectives that have helped to either question or reinforce the dominant narratives of Antarctic history. Archaeology began in the late 1970s, focusing on conserving the huts left behind by the expeditions of the Heroic Era of Antarctic Exploration. Since the 1980s archaeological research in the South Shetland Islands region has been focused on diverse topics, including sealing/whaling expeditions. This study presents a historical overview of archaeological work in Antarctica through a chronological approach that describes previous research conducted at the sites of polar expeditions. It also discusses how archaeological practices have contributed to the complex heritage-making process in Antarctica.

Pursuing the Comparative Analysis of Gold Rush Lives by Tracing Material and Quality-of-Life Trajectories Abstract The comparative analysis of artifact assemblages is simultaneously enticing and daunting. New research questions can potentially be addressed but a number of limiting factors can hinder the process. The first section of this paper will examine these limitations; the remainder of the paper proposes a model for conducting comparative research via archaeological biography, data mining, and tracing material and quality-of-life trajectories. The model was developed for the Gold Rush Lives project, which seeks to trace how everyday people faired in gold-rush era cities in Victoria, Australia. Drawing from the comparison of two households in Little Lon, Melbourne, the paper will make the case for comparing material trajectories rather than data.