Foreword. This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the author’s clinical recommendations. Stage. A 61-year-old…
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About 5.8 million maternal deaths, neonatal deaths and stillbirths occur every year with 99% of them taking place in low- and middle-income countries. Two thirds of them could be prevented through cost-effecti...
Due to the worldwide rise in cancer incidence, and therefore the rise in the need for antineoplastic chemotherapy, it is important for both healthcare professionals and patients alike that the side effects of ...
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness and low vision worldwide. Presently, cataract surgery is the only treatment for cataract and is very effective in restoring sight. In cataract surgery, the natural le...
Evidence shows that the implementation of optimal post-arrest care significantly increases survival and functional outcomes among patients who experience an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, diff...
Healthcare needs-based population segmentation is a promising approach for enabling the development and evaluation of integrated healthcare service models that meet healthcare needs. However, healthcare policy...
The way pain is remembered and reported can affect medical decisions taken by patients and health-care professionals. Memory of pain has been investigated extensively for the past few decades; however, the res...
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The circadian and seasonal actions of melatonin are mediated by high affinity G-protein coupled receptors (melatonin receptors, MTRs), classified into phylogenetically distinct subtypes based on sequence divergence and pharmacological characteristics. Three vertebrate MTR subtypes are currently described: MT1 (MTNR1A), MT2 (MTNR1B), and Mel1c (MTNR1C / GPR50), which exhibit distinct affinities, tissue distributions and signaling properties. We present phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses...
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most cultivated and economically important species in world aquaculture. Intensive production promotes the use of monosex animals, through an important dimorphism that favors male growth. Currently, the main mechanism to obtain all-male populations is the use of hormones in feeding during the larval and fry phases. Identifying genomic regions associated with sex determination in Nile tilapia is a research topic of great interest. The objective of...
Wild abalone (Family Haliotidae) populations have been severely affected by commercial fishing, poaching, anthropogenic pollution, environment and climate changes. These issues have stimulated an increase in aquaculture production; however production growth has been slow due to a lack of genetic knowledge and resources. We have sequenced a draft genome for the commercially important temperate Australian 'greenlip' abalone (Haliotis laevigata, Donovan 1808) and generated 11 tissue transcriptomes from...
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The incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents is increasing, with the increase driven by childhood obesity, and type 2 diabetes disproportionately affects disadvantaged minorities. Metformin is the regulatory-approved treatment of choice for most youth with type 2 diabetes early in…
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Journal Name: Biological ChemistryIssue: Ahead of print
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A 79-year-old man was admitted to the hospital after laboratory tests showed a serum creatinine level of 4.0 mg per deciliter (350 μmol per liter) (normal range, 0.7 to 1.2 mg per deciliter [60 to 100 μmol per liter]). He had no fevers, fatigue, weight loss, or myalgias. He had a history of…
A 32-year-old woman with a history of cesarean section was referred to a multidisciplinary placenta program at 24 weeks of gestation after placenta previa was diagnosed on ultrasonography. The patient reported having intermittent, painless hematuria. Abdominal ultrasonography performed with a full…
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Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00222
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02793
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02197
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01006
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01665
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02353
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02216
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02844
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02890
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02377
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01162
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01571
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03340
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01879
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01647
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01813
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02343
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02782
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02533
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01291
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01704
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02445
Analytical ChemistryDOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02266
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Journal Name: Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and MetabolismIssue: Ahead of print
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The processes of local adaptation and ecological speciation are often strongly shaped by biotic interactions such as competition and predation. One of the strongest lines of evidence that biotic interactions drive evolution comes from repeated divergence of lineages in association with repeated changes in the community of interacting species. Yet, relatively little is known about the repeatability of changes in gut microbial communities and their role in adaptation and divergence of host populations...
A wide range of research relies upon the accurate and repeatable measurement of the degree to which organisms resemble one another. Here, we present an unsupervised workflow for analyzing the relationships between organismal color patterns. This workflow utilizes several recent advancements in deep learning based computer vision techniques to calculate perceptual distance. We validate this approach using previously published datasets surrounding diverse applications of color pattern analysis including...
Mapping the chromosomal rearrangements between species can inform our understanding of genome evolution, reproductive isolation, and speciation. Here we present a systematic survey of chromosomal rearrangements in the annual sunflowers, which is a group known for extreme karyotypic diversity. We build high-density genetic maps for two subspecies of the prairie sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris ssp. petiolaris and H. petiolaris ssp. fallax. Using a novel algorithm implemented in the accompanying R...
Homologous sequence alignments contain important information about the constraints that shape protein family evolution. Correlated changes between different residues, for instance, can be highly predictive of physical contacts within three-dimensional structures. Detecting such co-evolutionary signals via direct coupling analysis is particularly challenging given the shared phylogenetic history and uneven sampling of different lineages from which protein sequences are derived. Current best practices...
Increasing growth rate slows adaptation when genotypes compete for diffusing resources [NEW RESULTS]
The rate at which a species responds to natural selection is a central predictor of the species' ability to adapt to environmental change. It is well-known that spatially-structured environments slow the rate of adaptation due to increased intra-genotype competition. Here, we show that this effect magnifies over time as a species becomes better adapted and grows faster. Using a reaction-diffusion model, we demonstrate that growth rates are inextricably coupled with effective spatial scales, such...
Animals respond to sleep loss with compensatory rebound sleep, and this is thought to be critical for the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Sleep duration varies dramatically across animal species, but it is not known whether evolutionary differences in sleep duration are associated with differences in sleep homeostasis. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, has emerged as a powerful model for studying the evolution of sleep. While eyed surface populations of A. mexicanus sleep approximately...
While natural selection favours the fittest genotype, polymorphisms are maintained over evolutionary timescales in numerous species. Why these long-lived polymorphisms are often associated with chromosomal rearrangements remains obscure. Combining genome assemblies, population genomic analyses, and fitness assays, we studied the factors maintaining multiple mimetic morphs in the butterfly Heliconius numata. We show that the polymorphism is maintained because three chromosomal inversions controlling...
Insects exhibit various forms of immune responses, including basal resistance to pathogens and a form of immune memory ("priming") that can act within or across generations. The evolutionary drivers of such diverse immune functions remain poorly understood. Previously, we found that in the beetle Tribolium castaneum, both resistance and priming evolved as mutually exclusive strategies against the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. However, since evolved resistance improved survival far more than priming,...
The evolutionary fate of mutator mutations, i.e., genetic variants that raise the genome-wide mutation rate, in asexual populations is often described as being frequency (or number) dependent. This common intuition suggests that mutators can invade a population by hitchhiking with a sweeping beneficial mutation, but only when sufficiently frequent to produce such a mutation before non-mutators do. Here, we use stochastic, agent-based simulations to show that neither the strength nor the sign of selection...
In order to understand how oxidative stress signal transduction pathways evolve, we analyzed the molecular evolution of the p38 MAPK (p38K) gene family across the genus Drosophila. p38K family genes play a vital role in oxidative stress resistance and are also important for organismal development and immunity. We find that the p38Ka and p38Kb genes are highly conserved across the genus and that p38Kc is more recently evolved. We further find that the p38Kb genomic locus includes conserved binding...
The prospect of utilizing CRISPR-based gene-drive technology for controlling populations, such as invasive and disease-vector species, has generated much excitement. However, the potential for spillovers of gene drive alleles from the target population to non-target populations --- events that may be ecologically catastrophic --- has raised concerns. Here, using two-population mathematical models, we investigate the possibility of limiting spillovers and impact on non-target populations by designing...
While environmentally inducible epigenetic marks are discussed as one mechanism of transgenerational plasticity, environmentally stable epigenetic marks emerge randomly. When resulting in variable phenotypes, stable marks can be targets of natural selection analogous to DNA sequence-based adaptation processes. We studied both postulated pathways in natural populations of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and sequenced their methylomes and genomes across a salinity cline. Consistent...
When incipient species meet in secondary contact, natural selection can rapidly reduce costly reproductive interactions by directly targeting reproductive traits. This process, called reproductive character displacement (RCD), leaves a characteristic pattern of geographic variation where divergence of traits between species is greater in sympatry than allopatry. However, because other forces can also cause similar patterns, care must be given in separating pattern from process. Here we show how the...
Phylogenetic models of the evolution of protein-coding sequences can provide insights into the selection pressures that have shaped them. In the application of these models synonymous nucleotide substitutions, which do not alter the encoded amino acid, are often assumed to have limited functional consequences and used as a proxy for the neutral rate of evolution. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution rates is then used to categorize the selective regime that applies to the protein...
Population viscosity, i.e., low emigration out of the natal deme, leads to high within-deme relatedness, which is beneficial to the evolution of altruistic behavior when social interactions take place among deme-mates. However, a detrimental side-effect of low emigration is the increase in competition among related individuals. The evolution of altruism depends on the balance between these opposite effects. This balance is already known to be affected by details of the life cycle; we show here that...
Background: Disentangling the selective factors shaping adaptive trait variation is an important but challenging task. Many studies--especially in Drosophila--have documented trait variation along latitudinal or altitudinal clines, but frequently lack resolution about specific environmental gradients that could be causal selective agents, and often do not investigate covariation between traits simultaneously. Here we examined variation in multiple macroecological factors across geographic space and...
Along with sperm, in many taxa male ejaculates also contain a complex mixture of proteins, peptides and other substances found in seminal fluid. Once seminal fluid proteins (SFPs) are transferred to the mating partner, they play crucial roles in mediating post-mating sexual selection, since they can modulate the partner's behavior and physiology in ways that influence the reproductive success of both partners. One way in which sperm donors can maximize their own reproductive success is by changing...
Understanding the impacts of current human activities on within-species genetic variation requires a thorough description of the historical factors that have shaped the genomic and geographical distribution of nucleotide diversity. Past and current conditions influencing effective population size have important evolutionary implications for the efficacy of selection, increased accumulation of deleterious mutations, and loss of adaptive potential under the nearly neutral theory. Here, we gather extensive...
Whether adaptation is limited by the beneficial mutation supply is a long-standing question of evolutionary genetics, which is more generally related to the determination of the adaptive substitution rate and its relationship with the effective population size Ne. Empirical evidence reported so far is equivocal, with some but not all studies supporting a higher adaptive substitution rate in large-Ne than in small-Ne species. We gathered coding sequence polymorphism data and estimated the adaptive...
Polyploidy or whole genome duplications (WGDs) repeatedly occurred during green plant evolution. To examine the evolutionary history of green plants in a phylogenomic framework, the 1KP project sequenced over 1000 transcriptomes across the Viridiplantae. The 1KP project provided a unique opportunity to study the distribution and occurrence of WGDs across the green plants. In the 1KP capstone analyses, we used a total evidence approach that combined inferences of WGDs from Ks and phylogenomic methods...
When the same phenotype evolves repeatedly, we can explore the predictability of genetic changes underlying phenotypic evolution. Theory suggests that genetic parallelism is less likely when phenotypic changes are governed by many small-effect loci compared to few of major effect, because different combinations of genetic changes can result in the same quantitative outcome. However, some genetic trajectories might be favored over others, making a shared genetic basis to repeated polygenic evolution...
Social environments are important determinant of fitness, particularly when same-sex local densities shape both mating success and survival costs. We studied how mating success varied across a range of naturally occurring local male densities in wild field cricket males, Gryllus campestris, monitored by using fully automated RFID-surveillance system. We predicted that mating success as a function of local density follow a concave pattern predicted by the Allee-effect theory. As increasing density...
We model natural selection for or against an altruistic defense allele of a host (or prey) against a parasite (or predator). The populations are structured in demes and we specify rates for birth, death, and migration events of single individuals.The defense behavior has a fitness cost for the actor and locally reduces parasite growth rates. In a previous study (Hutzenthaler, Jordan, Metzler, 2015), we analytically derived a criterion for fixation or extinction of altruists in the limit of large...
The origin of 'orphan' genes, species-specific sequences that lack detectable homologues, has remained mysterious since the dawn of the genomic era. There are two dominant explanations for orphan genes: complete sequence divergence from ancestral genes, such that homologues are not readily detectable; and de novo emergence from ancestral non-genic sequences, such that homologues genuinely do not exist. The relative contribution of the two processes remains unknown. Here, we harness the special circumstance...
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Journal Name: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)Issue: Ahead of print
Journal Name: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)Issue: Ahead of print
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When Earth's species were rapidly diversifying nearly 500 million years ago, that evolution was driven by complex factors including global cooling, more oxygen in the atmosphere, and more nutrients in the oceans. But it took a combination of many global environmental and tectonic changes occurring simultaneously and combining like building blocks to produce rapid diversification into new species, according to a new study.
Scientists have recovered the first genetic data from an extinct bird in the Caribbean, thanks to the remarkably preserved bones of a Creighton's caracara from a flooded sinkhole on Great Abaco Island.
Researchers have used artificial intelligence to make new discoveries, and confirm old ones, about one of nature's best-known mimics, opening up whole new directions of research in evolutionary biology.
A new species of giant penguin -- about 1.6 metres tall -- has been identified from fossils found in Waipara, North Canterbury in New Zealand.
Bats with skulls and teeth adapted to a wide range of diets are helping scientists understand how major groups of mammals first evolved.
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Foreword. This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the author’s clinical recommendations. Stage. A 61-year-old…
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune, inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that has a prevalence of 0.5 to 10 persons (predominantly women) per 100,000 population. It is characterized mainly by recurrent optic neuritis and myelitis, and such attacks are…
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When Earth's species were rapidly diversifying nearly 500 million years ago, that evolution was driven by complex factors including global cooling, more oxygen in the atmosphere, and more nutrients in the oceans. But it took a combination of many global environmental and tectonic changes occurring simultaneously and combining like building blocks to produce rapid diversification into new species, according to a new study.
Scientists have recovered the first genetic data from an extinct bird in the Caribbean, thanks to the remarkably preserved bones of a Creighton's caracara from a flooded sinkhole on Great Abaco Island.
Researchers have used artificial intelligence to make new discoveries, and confirm old ones, about one of nature's best-known mimics, opening up whole new directions of research in evolutionary biology.
Scientists have analyzed the genetic repertoire of bacteria in the human mouth and gut. The effort marks the first chapter in efforts to compile a compendium of all genes in the human microbiome. Mapping the microbial genome can reveal links between bacterial genes and disease risk and could inform the development of precision therapies.
Evolutionary biologists have analyzed the role of microRNAs in the evolution of new species.
A new species of giant penguin -- about 1.6 metres tall -- has been identified from fossils found in Waipara, North Canterbury in New Zealand.
Bats with skulls and teeth adapted to a wide range of diets are helping scientists understand how major groups of mammals first evolved.
Biologists have developed the first system for determining gene expression based on machine learning. Considered a type of genetic Rosetta Stone for biologists, the new method leverages algorithms trained on a set of known plant genes to determine a species-wide set of transcribed genes, or 'expressome,' then creates an atlas of expressible genes. The method carries implications across biology, from drug discovery to plant breeding to evolution.
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