Τρίτη 28 Απριλίου 2020

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Correction for Uyhazi et al., Pumilio proteins utilize distinct regulatory mechanisms to achieve complementary functions required for pluripotency and embryogenesis [Correction]
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Correction for “Pumilio proteins utilize distinct regulatory mechanisms to achieve complementary functions required for pluripotency and embryogenesis,” by Katherine E. Uyhazi, Yiying Yang, Na Liu, Hongying Qi, Xiao A. Huang, Winifred Mak, Scott D. Weatherbee, Nicola de Prisco, Vincenzo A. Gennarino, Xiaoling Song, and Haifan Lin, which was...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Correction for Xu et al., Structure of the cell-binding component of the Clostridium difficile binary toxin reveals a di-heptamer macromolecular assembly [Correction]
BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Correction for “Structure of the cell-binding component of the Clostridium difficile binary toxin reveals a di-heptamer macromolecular assembly,” by Xingjian Xu, Raquel Godoy-Ruiz, Kaylin A. Adipietro, Christopher Peralta, Danya Ben-Hail, Kristen M. Varney, Mary E. Cook, Braden M. Roth, Paul T. Wilder, Thomas Cleveland, Alexander Grishaev,...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Robust landscapes of ribosome dwell times and aminoacyl-tRNAs in response to nutrient stress in liver [Systems Biology]
Translation depends on messenger RNA (mRNA)-specific initiation, elongation, and termination rates. While translation elongation is well studied in bacteria and yeast, less is known in higher eukaryotes. Here we combined ribosome and transfer RNA (tRNA) profiling to investigate the relations between translation elongation rates, (aminoacyl-) tRNA levels, and codon usage...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
The Diversity-Innovation Paradox in Science [Social Sciences]
Prior work finds a diversity paradox: Diversity breeds innovation, yet underrepresented groups that diversify organizations have less successful careers within them. Does the diversity paradox hold for scientists as well? We study this by utilizing a near-complete population of ∼1.2 million US doctoral recipients from 1977 to 2015 and following...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Rising between-workplace inequalities in high-income countries [Social Sciences]
It is well documented that earnings inequalities have risen in many high-income countries. Less clear are the linkages between rising income inequality and workplace dynamics, how within- and between-workplace inequality varies across countries, and to what extent these inequalities are moderated by national labor market institutions. In order to describe...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Neuroticism may not reflect emotional variability [Psychological and Cognitive Sciences]
Neuroticism is one of the major traits describing human personality, and a predictor of mental and physical disorders with profound public health significance. Individual differences in emotional variability are thought to reflect the core of neuroticism. However, the empirical relation between emotional variability and neuroticism may be partially the result...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Social, psychological, and demographic characteristics of dehumanization toward immigrants [Psychological and Cognitive Sciences]
This study extends the current body of work on dehumanization by evaluating the social, psychological, and demographic correlates of blatant disregard for immigrants. Participants (n = 468) were randomly assigned to read a scenario where 1) an immigrant or 2) an immigrant and their child were caught illegally crossing the...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Pathogen manipulation of chloroplast function triggers a light-dependent immune recognition [Plant Biology]
In plants and animals, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are intracellular immune sensors that recognize and eliminate a wide range of invading pathogens. NLR-mediated immunity is known to be modulated by environmental factors. However, how pathogen recognition by NLRs is influenced by environmental factors such as light remains unclear. Here,...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Chitin perception in plasmodesmata characterizes submembrane immune-signaling specificity in plants [Plant Biology]
The plasma membrane (PM) is composed of heterogeneous subdomains, characterized by differences in protein and lipid composition. PM receptors can be dynamically sorted into membrane domains to underpin signaling in response to extracellular stimuli. In plants, the plasmodesmal PM is a discrete microdomain that hosts specific receptors and responses. We...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Vip1 is a kinase and pyrophosphatase switch that regulates inositol diphosphate signaling [Biochemistry]
Inositol diphosphates (PP-IPs), also known as inositol pyrophosphates, are high-energy cellular signaling codes involved in nutrient and regulatory responses. We report that the evolutionarily conserved gene product, Vip1, possesses autonomous kinase and pyrophosphatase domains capable of synthesis and destruction of D-1 PP-IPs. Our studies provide atomic-resolution structures of the PP-IP...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Confidence collapse in a multihousehold, self-reflexive DSGE model [Physics]
We investigate a multihousehold dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in which past aggregate consumption impacts the confidence, and therefore consumption propensity, of individual households. We find that such a minimal setup is extremely rich and leads to a variety of realistic output dynamics: high output with no crises; high...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
The AMPK-PP2A axis in insect fat body is activated by 20-hydroxyecdysone to antagonize insulin/IGF signaling and restrict growth rate [Agricultural Sciences]
In insects, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) limits the growth period by triggering developmental transitions; 20E also modulates the growth rate by antagonizing insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS). Previous work has shown that 20E cross-talks with IIS, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we found that, in both the...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Outer membrane vesicles catabolize lignin-derived aromatic compounds in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 [Applied Biological Sciences]
Lignin is an abundant and recalcitrant component of plant cell walls. While lignin degradation in nature is typically attributed to fungi, growing evidence suggests that bacteria also catabolize this complex biopolymer. However, the spatiotemporal mechanisms for lignin catabolism remain unclear. Improved understanding of this biological process would aid in our...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Impact of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca in European olives [Agricultural Sciences]
Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of plant diseases that cause massive economic damage. In 2013, a strain of the bacterium was, for the first time, detected in the European territory (Italy), causing the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome. We simulate future spread of the disease based on climatic-suitability modeling and...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Phylogenetic network analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes [Anthropology]
In a phylogenetic network analysis of 160 complete human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) genomes, we find three central variants distinguished by amino acid changes, which we have named A, B, and C, with A being the ancestral type according to the bat outgroup coronavirus. The A and...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
JNK-dependent intestinal barrier failure disrupts host-microbe homeostasis during tumorigenesis [Developmental Biology]
In all animals, the intestinal epithelium forms a tight barrier to the environment. The epithelium regulates the absorption of nutrients, mounts immune responses, and prevents systemic infections. Here, we investigate the consequences of tumorigenesis on the microbiome using a Drosophila intestinal tumor model. We show that upon loss of BMP...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Large and projected strengthening moisture limitation on end-of-season photosynthesis [Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences]
Terrestrial photosynthesis is regulated by plant phenology and environmental conditions, both of which experienced substantial changes in recent decades. Unlike early-season photosynthesis, which is mostly driven by temperature or wet-season onset, late-season photosynthesis can be limited by several factors and the underlying mechanisms are less understood. Here, we analyze the...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Electron temperature of the solar wind [Physics]
Solar wind provides an example of a weakly collisional plasma expanding from a thermal source in the presence of spatially diverging magnetic-field lines. Observations show that in the inner heliosphere, the electron temperature declines with the distance approximately as Te(r)∼r−0.3…r−0.7, which is significantly slower than the adiabatic expansion law ∼r−4/3....
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
ZNF263 is a transcriptional regulator of heparin and heparan sulfate biosynthesis [Biochemistry]
Heparin is the most widely prescribed biopharmaceutical in production globally. Its potent anticoagulant activity and safety makes it the drug of choice for preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. In 2008, adulterated material was introduced into the heparin supply chain, resulting in several hundred deaths and demonstrating the need...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Electrochemically scrambled nanocrystals are catalytically active for CO2-to-multicarbons [Chemistry]
Promotion of C–C bonds is one of the key fundamental questions in the field of CO2 electroreduction. Much progress has occurred in developing bulk-derived Cu-based electrodes for CO2-to-multicarbons (CO2-to-C2+), especially in the widely studied class of high-surface-area “oxide-derived” copper. However, fundamental understanding into the structural characteristics responsible for efficient C–C...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Alkyltransferase-like protein clusters scan DNA rapidly over long distances and recruit NER to alkyl-DNA lesions [Biochemistry]
Alkylation of guanine bases in DNA is detrimental to cells due to its high mutagenic and cytotoxic potential and is repaired by the alkyltransferase AGT. Additionally, alkyltransferase-like proteins (ATLs), which are structurally similar to AGTs, have been identified in many organisms. While ATLs are per se catalytically inactive, strong evidence...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Redefining the heterogeneity of peripheral nerve cells in health and autoimmunity [Biophysics and Computational Biology]
Peripheral nerves contain axons and their enwrapping glia cells named Schwann cells (SCs) that are either myelinating (mySCs) or nonmyelinating (nmSCs). Our understanding of other cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) remains limited. Here, we provide an unbiased single cell transcriptomic characterization of the nondiseased rodent PNS. We identified...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Rcf2 revealed in cryo-EM structures of hypoxic isoforms of mature mitochondrial III-IV supercomplexes [Biochemistry]
The organization of the mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins into supercomplexes (SCs) is now undisputed; however, their assembly process, or the role of differential expression isoforms, remain to be determined. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cytochrome c oxidase (CIV) forms SCs of varying stoichiometry with cytochrome bc1 (CIII). Recent studies have revealed,...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
A multiproducer microbiome generates chemical diversity in the marine sponge Mycale hentscheli [Chemistry]
Bacterial specialized metabolites are increasingly recognized as important factors in animal–microbiome interactions: for example, by providing the host with chemical defenses. Even in chemically rich animals, such compounds have been found to originate from individual members of more diverse microbiomes. Here, we identified a remarkable case of a moderately complex...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
RNA polymerase II stalls on oxidative DNA damage via a torsion-latch mechanism involving lone pair-{pi} and CH-{pi} interactions [Biochemistry]
Oxidation of guanine generates several types of DNA lesions, such as 8-oxoguanine (8OG), 5-guanidinohydantoin (Gh), and spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp). These guanine-derived oxidative DNA lesions interfere with both replication and transcription. However, the molecular mechanism of transcription processing of Gh and Sp remains unknown. In this study, by combining biochemical and structural...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Structural and kinetic basis for the regulation and potentiation of Hsp104 function [Biophysics and Computational Biology]
Hsp104 provides a valuable model for the many essential proteostatic functions performed by the AAA+ superfamily of protein molecular machines. We developed and used a powerful hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HX MS) analysis that can provide positionally resolved information on structure, dynamics, and energetics of the Hsp104 molecular machinery, even...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
A common coupling mechanism for A-type heme-copper oxidases from bacteria to mitochondria [Biochemistry]
Mitochondria metabolize almost all the oxygen that we consume, reducing it to water by cytochrome c oxidase (CcO). CcO maximizes energy capture into the protonmotive force by pumping protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Forty years after the H+/e− stoichiometry was established, a consensus has yet to be reached on...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
The microcircuits of striatum in silico [Biophysics and Computational Biology]
The basal ganglia play an important role in decision making and selection of action primarily based on input from cortex, thalamus, and the dopamine system. Their main input structure, striatum, is central to this process. It consists of two types of projection neurons, together representing 95% of the neurons, and...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Determining the correct stoichiometry of Kv2.1/Kv6.4 heterotetramers, functional in multiple stoichiometrical configurations [Biophysics and Computational Biology]
The electrically silent (KvS) members of the voltage-gated potassium (Kv) subfamilies Kv5, Kv6, Kv8, and Kv9 selectively modulate Kv2 subunits by forming heterotetrameric Kv2/KvS channels. Based on the reported 3:1 stoichiometry of Kv2.1/Kv9.3 channels, we tested the hypothesis that Kv2.1/Kv6.4 channels express, in contrast to the assumed 3:1, in a...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Reactivity oscillation in the heavy-light-heavy Cl + CH4 reaction [Chemistry]
It has long been predicted that oscillatory behavior exists in reactivity as a function of collision energy for heavy–light–heavy (HLH) chemical reactions in which a light atom is transferred between two heavy atoms or groups of atoms, but direct observation of such a behavior in bimolecular reactions remains a challenge....
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Curling of epithelial monolayers reveals coupling between active bending and tissue tension [Biophysics and Computational Biology]
Epithelial monolayers are two-dimensional cell sheets which compartmentalize the body and organs of multicellular organisms. Their morphogenesis during development or pathology results from patterned endogenous and exogenous forces and their interplay with tissue mechanical properties. In particular, bending of epithelia is thought to result from active torques generated by the...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Distinct locomotor precursors in newborn babies [Neuroscience]
Mature locomotion involves modular spinal drives generating a set of fundamental patterns of motoneuron activation, each timed at a specific phase of locomotor cycles and associated with a stable muscle synergy. How locomotor modules develop and to what extent they depend on prior experience or intrinsic programs remains unclear. To...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts [Ecology]
The notion that certain animal groups disproportionately maintain and transmit viruses to humans due to broad-scale differences in ecology, life history, and physiology currently influences global health surveillance and research in disease ecology, virology, and immunology. To directly test whether such “special reservoirs” of zoonoses exist, we used literature searches...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
CD93 negatively regulates astrogenesis in response to MMRN2 through the transcriptional repressor ZFP503 in the developing brain [Developmental Biology]
Astrogenesis is repressed in the early embryonic period and occurs in the late embryonic period. A variety of external and internal signals contribute to the sequential differentiation of neural stem cells. Here, we discovered that immune-related CD93 plays a critical negative role in the regulation of astrogenesis in the mouse...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients [Medical Sciences]
Currently, there are no approved specific antiviral agents for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, 10 severe patients confirmed by real-time viral RNA test were enrolled prospectively. One dose of 200 mL of convalescent plasma (CP) derived from recently recovered donors with the neutralizing antibody titers above 1:640...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Unbiased proteomics identifies plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as a negative regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase [Medical Sciences]
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a critical mediator of vascular function. eNOS is tightly regulated at various levels, including transcription, co- and posttranslational modifications, and by various protein–protein interactions. Using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and mass spectrometry (MS),...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Frailty markers comprise blood metabolites involved in antioxidation, cognition, and mobility [Medical Sciences]
As human society ages globally, age-related disorders are becoming increasingly common. Due to decreasing physiological reserves and increasing organ system dysfunction associated with age, frailty affects many elderly people, compromising their ability to cope with acute stressors. Frail elderly people commonly manifest complex clinical symptoms, including cognitive dysfunction, hypomobility, and...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Holographic virtual staining of individual biological cells [Engineering]
Many medical and biological protocols for analyzing individual biological cells involve morphological evaluation based on cell staining, designed to enhance imaging contrast and enable clinicians and biologists to differentiate between various cell organelles. However, cell staining is not always allowed in certain medical procedures. In other cases, staining may be...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue
12h
Evolutionary history of modern Samoans [Genetics]
Archaeological studies estimate the initial settlement of Samoa at 2,750 to 2,880 y ago and identify only limited settlement and human modification to the landscape until about 1,000 to 1,500 y ago. At this point, a complex history of migration is thought to have begun with the arrival of people...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences current issue

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