Current protests throughout the United States are highlighting the history of marginalization of and discrimination against Black Americans, including 250 years of slavery, 100 years of Jim Crow laws, high rates of incarceration, and unanswered calls for action after police shootings of unarmed…
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
The novel coronavirus pandemic has spawned four intertwined health care crises that reveal and compound deep underlying problems in the health care system of the United States. In so doing, however, the pandemic points the way toward reforms that could improve our ability not only to cope with…
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
The first reports of an unusual cluster of pneumonia cases in the city of Wuhan, China, emerged in December 2019, heralding a global pandemic. As of July 13, 2020, more than 3.3 million U.S. residents have received a diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), and more than 135,000 have died.…
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
It is not till it is discovered that high individual incomes will not purchase the mass of mankind immunity from cholera, typhus, and ignorance, still less secure them the positive advantages of educational opportunity and economic security, that slowly and reluctantly, amid prophecies of moral…
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
To rapidly communicate short reports of innovative responses to Covid-19 around the world, along with a range of current thinking on policy and strategy relevant to the pandemic, the Journal has initiated the Covid-19 Notes series. One April morning during the height of the pandemic in Rhode…
Tue Jul 21, 2020 03:00
To the Editor: A recent article suggested the rapid decay of anti–SARS-CoV-2 IgG in early infection, but the rate was not described in detail. We evaluated persons who had recovered from Covid-19 and referred themselves to our institution for observational research. Written informed consent was…
Tue Jul 21, 2020 03:00
In a platform trial, patients with a single disease are randomly assigned to a group of different therapies on the basis of a decision algorithm to determine whether any therapy has benefit. The principle underpinning such trials allows for the execution of efficient, less expensive designs by…
Tue Jul 21, 2020 03:00
EInferring the history of divergence between species in a framework that permits the presence of gene flow has been crucial for characterizing the gray zone of speciation, which is the period of time where lineages have diverged but have not yet achieved strict reproductive isolation. However, estimates of both divergence times and rates gene flow often ignore spatial information, for example the formation and shape of hybrid zones. Using population genomic data from the eastern ratsnake complex...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
The unique life form of plants promotes the accumulation of somatic mutations that can be passed to offspring in the next generation, because the same meristem cells responsible for vegetative growth also generate gametes for sexual reproduction. However, little is known about the consequences of somatic mutation accumulation for offspring fitness. We evaluate the fitness effects of somatic mutations in Mimulus guttatus by comparing progeny from self-pollinations made within the same flower (autogamy)...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
Sex-specific differences in lifespan are prevalent across the tree of life and influenced by heteromorphic sex chromosomes. In species with XY sex chromosomes, females often outlive males. Males and females can differ in their overall repeat content due to the repetitive Y chromosome, and repeats on the Y might lower survival of the heterogametic sex (toxic Y effect). Here, we take advantage of the well-assembled young Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda to study the sex-specific dynamics of chromatin...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
Primate offspring often depend on their mothers well beyond the age of weaning, and offspring that experience maternal death in early life can suffer substantial reductions in fitness across the lifespan. Here we leverage data from eight wild primate populations (seven species) to examine two underappreciated pathways linking early maternal death and offspring fitness that are distinct from direct effects of orphaning on offspring survival. First, we show that, for five of the seven species, offspring...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
The Tyrrhenian tree frog, Hyla sarda, is an amphibian endemic to the Tyrrhenian islands (Western Mediterranean). Previous investigations of its Pleistocene evolutionary history suggested that it colonised the northern portion of its current range, through a spatial diffusion process from the Sardinia island, during the last glaciation. However, southern and northern portions of the species range experienced markedly different climatic conditions during the Late Pleistocene, suggesting the possibility...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
Dating back to the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), the P-loop NTPases and Rossmanns now comprise the most ubiquitous and diverse enzyme lineages. Intriguing similarities in their overall architecture and phosphate binding motifs suggest common ancestry; however, due to a lack of global sequence identity, these families are considered independent emergences. To address this longstanding dichotomy, we systematically searched for 'bridge proteins' with structure and sequence elements shared by...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
We analysed 312 drug-resistant genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) collected from HIV coinfected and HIV negative TB patients from nine countries with a high tuberculosis burden. We found that rifampicin-resistant Mtb strains isolated from HIV coinfected patients carried disproportionally more resistance-conferring mutations in rpoB that are associated with a low fitness in the absence of the drug, suggesting these low fitness rpoB variants can thrive in the context of reduced host immunity.
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
Haplotyping MHC class IIa by high throughput screening in an isolated sheep population [NEW RESULTS]
Investigating the current evolutionary processes acting on a highly polymorphic gene region, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), requires extensive population data for both genotypes and phenotypes. The MHC consists of several tightly linked loci with both allelic and gene content variation, making it challenging to genotype. Eight class IIa haplotypes have previously been identified in the Soay sheep (Ovis aries) of St. Kilda using Sanger sequencing and cloning, but no single locus...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
The theory of ecological divergence provides a useful framework to understand the adaptation of many species to anthropogenic ("domestic") habitats. The mosquito Aedes aegypti, a global vector of several arboviral diseases, presents an excellent study system. Ae. aegypti originated in African forests, but the populations that invaded other continents have specialized in domestic habitats. In its African native range, the species can be found in both forest and domestic habitats like villages. A crucial...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
Tail flukes as well as the dorsal fin are the apomorphic traits of cetaceans appeared during evolutionary process of adaptation to the aquatic life. Both appendages present a generic wing-like shape associated with lift generation and low drag. Variability of the form of appendages was studied in seven species of cetaceans having different body size, external morphology, and specialization. Hydrodynamic performance of the fin cross-sections was examined with the CFD software and compared with similar...
Tue Jul 21, 2020 03:00
Cooperation, paying a cost to benefit other individuals, is widespread. Cooperation can be promoted by pleiotropic win-win mutations which directly benefit self and partner. Previously, we showed that partner-serving should be defined as increased benefit supply rate per intake benefit (Hart & Pineda et al., 2019). Here, we report that win-win mutations can rapidly evolve even in nascent cooperation under conditions unfavorable for cooperation. Specifically, in a well-mixed environment we evolved...
Tue Jul 21, 2020 03:00
Oxygenic photosynthesis starts with the oxidation of water to O2, a light-driven reaction catalysed by photosystem II. Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes capable of water oxidation and therefore, it is assumed that relative to the origin of life and bioenergetics, the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis is a late innovation. However, when exactly water oxidation originated remains an unanswered question. Here we use relaxed molecular clocks to compare one of the two ancestral core duplications...
Tue Jul 21, 2020 03:00
Comparative anatomy studies of the skull of archosaurs provide insights on the mechanisms of evolution for the morphologically and functionally diverse species of crocodiles and birds. One of the key attributes of skull evolution is the anatomical changes associated with the physical arrangement of cranial bones. Here, we compare the changes in anatomical organization and modularity of the skull of extinct and extant archosaurs using an Anatomical Network Analysis approach. We show that the number...
Tue Jul 21, 2020 03:00
The developmental origins and evolutionary histories of cell types, tissues and organ systems contribute to the ways in which their dysfunction leads to disease. In mammals for example, the nature and extent of maternal-fetal interactions, how those interactions develop, and their evolutionary history likely influence diseases of pregnancy such as infertility and preterm birth. Here we show genes that evolved to be expressed at the maternal-fetal interface in Eutherian (Placental) mammals play essential...
Tue Jul 21, 2020 03:00
The C to T mutation at rs4988235 located upstream of the lactase (LCT) gene is the primary determinant for lactase persistence (LP) that is prevalent among Europeans and South Asians. Here, we review evolutionary studies of this mutation based on ancient and present-day human genomes with the following concluding remarks: the mutation arose in the Pontic Steppe somewhere between 23,000 and 5960 years ago, emigrated into Europe and South Asia in the Bronze Age via the expansion of the Steppe ancestry,...
Tue Jul 21, 2020 03:00
Premise of the study: The family Salicaceae has proved taxonomically challenging, especially in the genus Salix, which is speciose and features frequent hybridization and polyploidy. Past efforts to reconstruct the phylogeny with molecular barcodes have failed to resolve the species relationships of many sections of the genus. Methods: We used the wealth of sequence data in the family to design sequence capture probes to target regions of 300-1200 base pairs of exonic regions of 972 genes. Results:...
Tue Jul 21, 2020 03:00
Abstract Purpose Multidisciplinary team meetings (MDMs) to address various clinical problems have become common, especially for cancer care. However, the impact of MDMs on adrenal tumor care has rarely been reported. We organized an endocrine tumor MDM including adrenal tumors in August 2014. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of our adrenal tumor MDMs on patient clinical outcomes. We compared several parameters measuring...
03:00
Abstract Purpose Temozolomide (TEM) has been reported to be active alone or in combination with capecitabine (CAP) in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). We retrospectively evaluated activity and toxicity of TEM-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced NENs and explored the potential correlation with clinical/biological factors. Methods ...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 03:00
Surgical Infections, Ahead of Print.
Fri Jul 17, 2020 10:00
Surgical Infections, Ahead of Print.
Fri Jul 17, 2020 10:00
Surgical Infections, Ahead of Print.
Fri Jul 17, 2020 10:00
Tissue Engineering Part A, Volume 26, Issue 13-14, Page 688-701, July 2020.
Wed Jul 15, 2020 10:00
Tissue Engineering Part A, Volume 26, Issue 13-14, Page 685-687, July 2020.
Wed Jul 15, 2020 10:00
Key points Brief (5‐6 d) adaptation to LCHF in elite athletes increased exercise fat oxidation to rates previously observed with medium (3‐4 wk) or chronic (>12 month) adherence to this diet, with metabolic changes being washed out in a similar timeframe Increased fat utilisation during exercise was associated with a 5–8% increase in oxygen cost at speeds related to Olympic Program races Acute restoration of endogenous CHO availability (24 h HCHO diet, pre‐race CHO) only partially restored...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 16:25
Wed Jul 22, 2020 16:25
Key points During moderate and high levels of quadriceps force production, the ipsilateral motor cortex is concomitantly activated with the contralateral motor cortex throughout the corpus callosum to generate the motor command Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients display a structurally impaired corpus callosum that may explain the reduced motor command in this population, which in turn contributes to COPD‐related muscle weakness of the knee extensors The study aimed to determine...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 16:24
Wed Jul 22, 2020 16:24
Abstract Since its first description around the year 2000, the local renin angiotensin system (RAS) in skin has been subject of an increasing number of studies with many additions over the last two to three years. A focus of research has been investigations on the role of cutaneous angiotensin receptors and locally synthesised angiotensin II in wound healing, in dermatoses associated with skin fibrosis and in melanoma. This review will provide an introduction into the RAS with emphasis on information...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 11:28
Abstract Objectives To investigate the association between oral lichen planu(OLP) and anxiety. Subjects and Methods This study included 174 OLP patients and 174 healthy controls. We assessed anxiety by Self‐rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and recorded OLP lesion type and severity. t‐test and analysis of variance were applied for continuous variants and chi‐square test was performed for categorical variants. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression analysis was used for multi‐variable...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 13:46
Abstract The appearance in December of a new coronavirus has caused an unprecedented pandemic in the modern era. Undoubtedly, the disease produced by the novel Coronavirus and its consequences have posed a challenge for health authorities worldwide. The way of contagion through direct contact, through saliva in the form of small drops and the production of aerosols have facilitated the rapid spread worldwide. In Spain the authorities declared the confinement for the majority of population in March...
Wed Jul 22, 2020 13:
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